Compact active quenching circuit for fast photon counting with avalanche photodiodes

A compact and flexible circuit for operating avalanche photodiodes in Geiger mode was designed, fabricated, and tested. A new voltage driver stage, based on fast n-channel double-diffused metal– oxide–semiconductor ~DMOS! transistors in a bootstrap configuration, makes it possible to obtain quenching pulses up to 25 V amplitude and fast active reset of the detector. At 20 V excess bias voltage above the photodiode breakdown level, an overall deadtime shorter than 36 ns is attained. The avalanche pulse charge is minimized by means of a mixed passive–active quenching approach, thus reducing self-heating and afterpulsing effects in the photodiode. A user-controllable hold-off time is available for further reducing the afterpulsing effect. The saturated counting rate of the circuit exceeds 25 Mcounts/s, but, by working with avalanche photodiodes with high breakdown voltage ~250–400 V! and high avalanche current ~10–40 mA!, a practical limit is set at about 9 Mcounts/s by thermal effects in the detector. Gated-detector operation with gate times down to 10 ns is provided. The suitability of the new active-quenching circuit for the development of compact, all-solid-state instruments for high-performance photon counting was verified in experimental tests. © 1996 American Institute of Physics. @S0034-6748~96!04810-1#